Reviewed and fact checked by Bruce Whittle, DVM
Certain health conditions occur more often in small breeds than in large breed dogs. Owners of small breed dogs should be aware of these conditions so they can recognize them early and work with their veterinarian to address them. Some of the more common small breed health conditions are discussed below.
Periodontal (Dental) Disease
Periodontal disease is common in all breeds of dogs, but smaller dogs tend to be more severely affected because their teeth are often crowded. Crowding can prevent teeth from being fully encircled by protective gum tissue, giving bacteria an easier entry point to attack and weaken the attachment of a tooth within its socket. As this attachment weakens, the tooth becomes painful and may eventually loosen. Many dogs do not show sudden signs of pain but may be less active, sleep more, or eat more slowly. Once diseased teeth are surgically treated or extracted, many dogs become more active again. Home care, including tooth brushing and dental treats, is an important complement to professional dental care such as teeth cleaning, examination, and radiographs under anesthesia. Veterinary dental care has greatly advanced in recent decades, allowing veterinarians and dog owners to maintain much healthier mouths in dogs.
Luxating Patella
Luxating patella is relatively more common in smaller dogs. Breeds such as Boston Terriers, Yorkshire Terriers, Miniature Poodles, Chihuahuas, and Pomeranians are commonly affected. This condition occurs when the patella (kneecap) slips out of the groove on the end of the femur, the upper leg bone. The knee cap, surrounded by the patellar tendon, usually “pops out” toward the inside of the leg, causing the dog to yelp, hold the leg up, and skip for a few steps until the patella returns to its normal position. The cause is often a shallower-than-normal femoral groove, though bowlegged dogs may also be affected because the abnormal leg shape prevents proper alignment of the patellar tendon. In some cases, physical therapy and appropriate exercise may strengthen upper leg muscles to help stabilize the patella. In more severe cases, surgery can deepen the femoral groove or reposition the patellar tendon attachment on the tibia. With proper therapy, patellar luxation is treatable.
Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)
Intervertebral disc disease, often described as a ruptured disc, involves the discs acting as shock absorbers between vertebral bones. The disc may rupture into the space around the spinal cord, or the condition may result from bone malformations compressing the spinal cord. There is no guaranteed prevention for IVDD, though frequent exercise may help strengthen surrounding muscles, offering some protection. Middle-aged dogs are most commonly affected. While Dachshunds are the classic breed for disc issues, other breeds such as Shih Tzus, Pekingese, Beagles, and Lhasa Apsos may also develop IVDD. The lumbar area between the chest and pelvis is most commonly affected, though disc problems may also occur in the neck. While surgery has been the standard treatment, some cases respond to strict cage rest and anti-inflammatory medications, sometimes combined with physical rehabilitation, laser therapy, and acupuncture. Affected dogs must avoid jumping on and off furniture, as stress on the spine can worsen the condition. Advances in surgical and medical care allow affected dogs to recover and lead normal lives.
Tracheal Collapse
Tracheal collapse predominantly affects middle-aged to older small dogs. The trachea, or windpipe, narrows, making breathing difficult. Overweight dogs are at higher risk, and the condition may be worsened by strong fragrances or cigarette smoke. Tracheal collapse is progressive; in advanced cases, a dog may collapse from lack of oxygen. Early-stage dogs may cough frequently and make “honking” noises. The trachea consists of cartilage rings that normally keep it open. When the cartilage weakens, it flattens, narrowing the airway. Excess body fat can also compress the trachea, so weight management is critical. Medical treatments may help control tracheal spasm and inflammation, while surgery may be required in severe cases to support weakened cartilage.
Obesity
Obesity is very common in small breed dogs, as many prefer sitting on their owner’s lap rather than running around. Frequent feeding of table scraps or treats can contribute to weight gain. Obesity can lead to metabolic conditions and puts additional strain on bones, joints, and ligaments. Creative exercise, such as playing fetch or taking neighborhood walks, encourages activity while providing fun for dogs and owners. Low-calorie foods designed for weight management are also available, allowing dogs to lose weight while maintaining proper nutrition. Many tools are now available to help manage obesity and support a dog’s health and longevity.
Mitral Valve Disease
Mitral valve disease involves thickening of the valve leaflets between the upper and lower chambers of the heart’s left side. Thickened leaflets may not seal properly, allowing blood to flow backward and reducing the heart’s efficiency. Veterinarians may suspect mitral valve disease if a heart murmur is detected, with confirmation via echocardiography (heart ultrasound). Surgery is possible but rarely performed in dogs. Medical management with medications that improve heart function and treat early signs of congestive heart failure can slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
Summary
Owners of small breed dogs should monitor their pets for these conditions and consult their veterinarian at the first sign of problems.
